{"id":1677,"date":"2016-03-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-03-30T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.namb.net\/apologetics\/resource\/has-the-qur-an-been-perfectly-preserved-2\/"},"modified":"2022-03-06T21:12:06","modified_gmt":"2022-03-07T02:12:06","slug":"has-the-qur-an-been-perfectly-preserved","status":"publish","type":"resource","link":"https:\/\/www.namb.net\/apologetics\/resource\/has-the-qur-an-been-perfectly-preserved\/","title":{"rendered":"Has the Qur’an Been Perfectly Preserved?"},"content":{"rendered":"

By David Wood<\/em><\/p>\n

One of the most popular arguments for Islam is what we might call the \u201cArgument from Perfect Preservation,\u201d which claims that, since the Qur\u2019an has been perfectly preserved for nearly fourteen centuries, God must have been miraculously preserving it. This argument is based on a verse of the Qur\u2019an: \u201cWe have, without doubt, sent down the Message; and We will assuredly guard it (from corruption)\u201d (15:9).i<\/sup><\/p>\n

After quoting this verse, Muslim apologist Mazhar Kazi comments:<\/p>\n

Muslims and non-Muslims both agree that no change has ever occurred in the text of the Qur\u2019an. The above prophecy for the eternal preservation and purity of the Qur\u2019an came true not only for the text of the Qur\u2019an, but also for the most minute details of its punctuation marks as well. . . . It is a miracle of the Qur\u2019an that no change has occurred in a single word, a single [letter of the] alphabet, a single punctuation mark, or a single diacritical mark in the text of the Qur\u2019an during the last fourteen centuries.ii<\/sup><\/p>\n

Kazi\u2019s claim is odd for two reasons. First, it\u2019s certainly no miracle for a book to be preserved for fourteen centuries. The Dead Sea Scrolls, copies of the Bible, and other writings have survived longer than fourteen centuries, so Muslims can hardly appeal to preservation as proof of divine inspiration. Second, it\u2019s simply false to say that the Qur\u2019an has been perfectly preserved. When we turn to the early Muslim sources, we find that entire chapters of the Qur\u2019an have been lost, that large sections of chapters are missing, that individual verses were forgotten, and that words and phrases were changed. Indeed, we know from Muslim reports that Muhammad\u2019s most trusted teachers couldn\u2019t even agree on which chapters were to be included in the Qur\u2019an!<\/p>\n

I. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE QUR\u2019AN<\/strong><\/p>\n

The first Qur\u2019anic revelation came to Muhammad around the year 610. Muhammad delivered many more verses to his scribes and companions for memorization and recording over the next two decades. These verses were written on stalks of palm leaves, bones of dead animals, flat stones, and whatever else Muslims could find. There was no complete manuscript of the Qur\u2019an during this time.<\/p>\n

Qur\u2019anic revelation ceased when Muhammad died. Shortly after Muhammad\u2019s death, Caliph Abu Bakr needed to suppress a rebellion, and he sent many huffaz<\/em> (people who had memorized portions of the Qur\u2019an) to fight at the Battle of Yamama. Many of these huffaz<\/em> died, and Muslim sources tell us that portions of the Qur\u2019an were lost:<\/p>\n

Many (of the passages) of the Qur\u2019an that were sent down were known by those who died on the day of Yamama . . . but they were not known (by those who) survived them, nor were they written down, nor had Abu Bakr, Umar or Uthman (by that time) collected the Qur\u2019an, nor were they found with even one (person) after them.iii<\/sup><\/p>\n

Abu Bakr decided that it was time to gather what remained of the Qur\u2019an in order to prevent more from being lost, and he appointed Zaid ibn Thabit to this task. After Zaid completed his codex around 634 AD, it remained in Abu Bakr\u2019s possession until his death, when it was passed on to Caliph Umar. When Umar died, it was given to Hafsa, a widow of Muhammad.<\/p>\n

During Caliph Uthman\u2019s reign, approximately 19 years after the death of Muhammad, disputes arose concerning the correct recitation of the Qur\u2019an. Uthman ordered that Hafsa\u2019s copy of the Qur\u2019an, along with all known textual materials, should be gathered together so that an official version might be compiled. Zaid ibn Thabit, Abdullah bin Az-Zubair, Sa\u2019id bin Al-As, and Abdur-Rahman bin Harith worked diligently to construct a revised text of the Qur\u2019an. When it was finished, \u201cUthman sent to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other Qur\u2019anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies, be burnt.\u201div<\/sup> The Qur\u2019an we have today is descended from this codex.<\/p>\n

II. DISPUTES AMONG MUHAMMAD\u2019S SCHOLARS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Not all Muslims approved of the new Qur\u2019an. Indeed, some of Muhammad\u2019s top teachers rejected Zaid\u2019s version.<\/p>\n

Muhammad once told his followers to \u201cLearn the recitation of the Qur\u2019an from four: from Abdullah bin Masud\u2014he started with him\u2014Salim, the freed slave of Abu Hudhaifa, Mu\u2019adh bin Jabal and Ubai bin Ka\u2019b.\u201dv<\/sup> Interestingly, Ibn Masud (first on Muhammad\u2019s list) held that the Qur\u2019an should only have 111 chapters (today\u2019s version has 114 chapters), and that chapters 1, 113, and 114 shouldn\u2019t have been included in the Qur\u2019an.<\/p>\n

Because of this (along with hundreds of other differences), Ibn Masud went so far as to call the final edition of the Qur\u2019an a deception! He said, \u201cThe people have been guilty of deceit in the reading of the Qur\u2019an. I like it better to read according to the recitation of him [i.e. Muhammad] whom I love more than that of Zayd Ibn Thabit.\u201dvi<\/sup>\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n

Should Muslims submit to this \u201cdeceit\u201d? Not surprisingly, Ibn Masud advised Muslims to reject Zaid\u2019s Qur\u2019an and to keep their own versions\u2014even to hide them so that they wouldn\u2019t be confiscated by the government! He said:<\/p>\n

\u201cO you Muslim people! Avoid copying the Mushaf and recitation of this man. By Allah! When I accepted Islam he was but in the loins of a disbelieving man\u201d\u2014meaning Zaid bin Thabit\u2014and it was regarding this that Abdullah bin Mas\u2019ud said: \u201cO people of Al-Iraq! Keep the Musahif that are with you, and conceal them.\u201dvii<\/sup>\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n

But Ibn Masud wasn\u2019t the only one of Muhammad\u2019s trusted teachers who disagreed with Zaid\u2019s Qur\u2019an. Ubayy ibn Ka\u2019b was Muhammad\u2019s best reciter and one of the only Muslims to collect the materials of the Qur\u2019an during Muhammad\u2019s lifetime. Yet Ibn Ka\u2019b believed that Zaid\u2019s Qur\u2019an was missing two chapters! Later Muslims were therefore forced to reject some of Ibn Ka\u2019b\u2019s recitation:<\/p>\n

Umar said, \u201cUbayy was the best of us in the recitation (of the Qur\u2019an), yet we leave some of what he recites.\u201d Ubayy says, \u201cI have taken it from the mouth of Allah\u2019s Messenger and will not leave it for anything whatever.\u201dviii<\/sup>\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n

Due to these disputes among Muhammad\u2019s hand-picked reciters, Muslims are faced with a dilemma. If Muslims say that the Qur\u2019an we have today has been perfectly preserved, they must say that Muhammad was horrible at choosing scholars, since he selected men who disagreed with today\u2019s text. If, on the other hand, Muslims say that their prophet would know whom to pick when it comes to Islam\u2019s holiest book, they must conclude that the Qur\u2019an we have today is flawed!<\/p>\n

III. MISSING CHAPTERS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Simply knowing the facts about such disputes is enough to dismiss the claim that the Qur\u2019an has been perfectly preserved. Nevertheless, we may go further by briefly considering certain other problems.<\/p>\n

When Ibn Umar\u2014son of the second Muslim caliph\u2014heard people declaring that they knew the entire Qur\u2019an, he said to them: \u201cLet none of you say, \u2018I have learned the whole of the Koran,\u2019 for how does he know what the whole of it is, when much of it has disappeared? Let him rather say, \u2018I have learned what is extant thereof.\u2019\u201dix<\/sup><\/p>\n

One of Muhammad\u2019s companions, Abu Musa, supported this claim when he said that the early Muslims forgot two surahs (chapters) due to laziness:<\/p>\n

Abu Musa al-Ash\u2019ari sent for the reciters of Basra. They came to him and they were three hundred in number. They recited the Qur\u2019an and he said: You are the best among the inhabitants of Basra, for you are the reciters among them. So continue to recite it. (But bear in mind) that your reciting for a long time may not harden your hearts as were hardened the hearts of those before you. We used to recite a surah which resembled in length and severity to (Surah) Bara\u2019at. I have, however, forgotten it with the exception of this which I remember out of it: \u201cIf there were two valleys full of riches, for the son of Adam, he would long for a third valley, and nothing would fill the stomach of the son of Adam but dust.\u201d And we used to recite a surah which resembled one of the surahs of Musabbihat, and I have forgotten it . . .x<\/sup><\/p>\n

This shows that entire chapters of the Qur\u2019an were forgotten.<\/p>\n

IV. MISSING PASSAGES<\/strong><\/p>\n

We know further that large sections of certain chapters came up missing. For instance, Muhammad\u2019s wife Aisha said that roughly two-thirds of Surah 33 was lost:<\/p>\n

A\u2019isha . . . said, \u201cSurat al-Ahzab (xxxiii) used to be recited in the time of the Prophet with two hundred verses, but when Uthman wrote out the codices he was unable to procure more of it than there is in it today [i.e. 73 verses].\u201dxi<\/sup>\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n

According to Aisha, the collectors simply couldn\u2019t find all of Surah 33. Why not? As we\u2019ve seen, many huffaz<\/em> were killed at the Battle of Yamamah. Apparently, no one who knew the entire chapter survived.<\/p>\n

V. MISSING VERSES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aisha also tells us that individual verses of the Qur\u2019an disappeared, sometimes in quite comical ways:<\/p>\n

It was narrated that Aishah said: \u201cThe Verse of stoning and of breastfeeding an adult ten times was revealed, and the paper was with me under my pillow. When the Messenger of Allah died, we were preoccupied with his death, and a tame sheep came in and ate it.\u201dxii<\/sup><\/p>\n

The verses on stoning and breastfeeding an adult ten times are not in the Qur\u2019an today. Why? Aisha\u2019s sheep ate them.<\/p>\n

VI. MISSING PHRASES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Since entire chapters, large portions of chapters, and individual verses of the Qur\u2019an were lost, it should come as no surprise that short phrases were forgotten as well. Let\u2019s consider two examples.<\/p>\n

First, Surah 33:6 declares that \u201cThe Prophet is closer to the Believers than their own selves, and his wives are their mothers.\u201d However, Ubayy ibn Ka\u2019b and other early Muslims held that a phrase (\u201cand he is a father of them\u201d) is missing from this verse. Even the great translator Yusuf Ali admits this in his commentary. Ali writes: \u201cIn some Qira\u2019ahs, like that of Ubayy ibn Ka\u2019ab, occur also the words \u2018and he is a father of them,\u2019 which imply his spiritual relationship and connection with the words \u2018and his wives are their mothers.\u2019\u201dxiii<\/sup> It seems that Muslims have been left with an incomplete verse.<\/p>\n

Second, if we open a modern edition of the Qur\u2019an, we find that Surah 2:238 commands Muslims to \u201cGuard strictly your (habit) of prayers, especially the Middle Prayer; and stand before Allah in a devout (frame of mind).\u201d According to Aisha, however, Muhammad recited this verse as follows: \u201cGuard strictly (the five obligatory) prayers, and the middle Salat, and Salat Al-Asr. And stand before Allah with obedience.\u201d Hence, the phrase \u201cand Salat Al-Asr\u201d is missing from modern editions.<\/p>\n

VII. ASSESSMENT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Obviously, the Qur\u2019an has changed significantly over the years. The evidence shows that entire chapters were lost, that large sections of chapters came up missing, that individual verses were forgotten, and that phrases have been left out. Muhammad\u2019s best teachers and reciters couldn\u2019t even agree on which chapters were supposed to be in the Qur\u2019an.<\/p>\n

This raises an obvious question. What\u2019s the difference between a book that\u2019s been perfectly preserved, and one that hasn\u2019t been perfectly preserved? If Muslims are right, there\u2019s no difference at all. The typical characteristics of a book that hasn\u2019t been perfectly preserved are (1) missing phrases, (2) missing passages, (3) missing chapters, (4) disagreements about what goes back to the original, etc. But the Qur\u2019an has all of these characteristics. Thus, Muslims who are aware of the evidence but who also want to maintain perfect perseveration of the Qur\u2019an must say something like this: \u201cYes, the Qur\u2019an has all the characteristics of a book that hasn\u2019t been perfectly preserved, but it\u2019s been perfectly preserved anyway.\u201d Can anyone make sense of such a claim?<\/p>\n

It\u2019s clear, then, that the Argument from Perfect Preservation fails, and that Muslims who want evidence for their faith will have to look somewhere other than the preservation of the Qur\u2019an.<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n

i<\/sup> All Qur\u2019an quotations are taken from Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of the Holy Qur\u2019an<\/em> (Beltsville: Amana Publications, 1989).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

ii<\/sup>Mazhar Kazi, 130 Evident Miracles in the Qur\u2019an<\/em> (Richmond Hill: Crescent Publishing House, 1997), pp. 42-43.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

iii<\/sup>Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

iv<\/sup>Sahih al-Bukhari 4987.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

v<\/sup>Sahih al-Bukhari 3808.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

vi<\/sup>Ibn Sa\u2019d, Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir<\/em>, Vol. 2, p. 444.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

vii<\/sup>Jami At-Tirmidhi 3104.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

viii<\/sup>Sahih al-Bukhari 5005.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

ix<\/sup>Abu Ubaid, Kitab Fada\u2019il-al-Qur\u2019an<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

x<\/sup>Sahih Muslim 2286.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

xi<\/sup>Abu Ubaid, Kitab Fada\u2019il-al-Qur\u2019an<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

xii<\/sup>Sunan Ibn Majah 1944.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

xiii<\/sup> Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of the Holy Qur\u2019an<\/em>, Note 3674.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By David Wood One of the most popular arguments for Islam is what we might call …<\/p>\n

Has the Qur’an Been Perfectly Preserved?<\/span> Read More »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2185,"template":"","meta":{"_oasis_is_in_workflow":0,"_oasis_original":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"tags":[],"channels":[],"topics":[9,11],"languages":[],"class_list":["post-1677","resource","type-resource","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","resource_type-article","topics-apologetics","topics-world-religions"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHas the Qur'an Been Perfectly Preserved? - Apologetics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.namb.net\/apologetics\/resource\/has-the-qur-an-been-perfectly-preserved\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Has the Qur'an Been Perfectly Preserved?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By David Wood One of the most popular arguments for Islam is what we might call … Has the Qur’an Been Perfectly Preserved? 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