{"id":1751,"date":"2016-03-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-03-30T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.namb.net\/apologetics\/resource\/the-resurrection-appearances-of-jesus-2\/"},"modified":"2022-06-22T14:16:54","modified_gmt":"2022-06-22T18:16:54","slug":"the-resurrection-appearances-of-jesus","status":"publish","type":"resource","link":"https:\/\/www.namb.net\/apologetics\/resource\/the-resurrection-appearances-of-jesus\/","title":{"rendered":"The Resurrection Appearances of Jesus"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>By Gary R. Habermas<\/em><\/p>\n<p>When the New Testament defines and identifies the Gospel data, at least three items are always mentioned: the Deity, death, and resurrection of Jesus.<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 The key to Jesus&#8217; resurrection is his post-death appearances.\u00a0 Critical scholars agree that the entire enterprise of the early church-worship, writings, and witness\u2014would never have come about if Jesus&#8217; followers were not absolutely convinced that He had conquered death by appearing to them afterwards.<\/p>\n<p>Throughout this essay, I will not assume the inspiration or even the reliability of the New Testament writings, though I think these doctrines rest on strong grounds.\u00a0 I will refer almost exclusively to those data that are so well attested that they impress even the vast majority of non-evangelical scholars.\u00a0 Each point is confirmed by impressive data, even though I can do no more than offer an outline of these reasons.<\/p>\n<p>We must be clear from the outset that not only do contemporary scholars not mind when points are taken from the New Testament writings, but they do so often.\u00a0 The reason is that confirmed data can be used anywhere it is found.<\/p>\n<p>Using almost solely those data that are well-attested and recognized, I will list\u00a010 considerations that favor Jesus&#8217; resurrection appearances.\u00a0 Each angle has this in common: it indicates that one or more persons were utterly convinced that they had seen Jesus again after his death.\u00a0 Although I cannot defend the additional thesis here, I and others have argued elsewhere in much detail that this conviction cannot be viably accounted for by any natural means.\u00a0 Perhaps surprisingly, comparatively few skeptical scholars even favor these alternative hypotheses.<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0 Therefore, the most likely conclusion is that the disciples and others really did see the risen Jesus.<\/p>\n<p>Here is the absolute crux of my case: These\u00a010 arguments point to the disciples and others having actual, visual experiences.\u00a0 When juxtaposed with the failure of viable natural alternatives, we have an especially powerful indication that, after His death, Jesus actually appeared to many persons.\u00a0 These appearances were to both individuals and groups.\u00a0 In other words, if multiple evidences point to visual experiences, and natural attempts fail to explain them otherwise, the most likely explanation is that Jesus rose from the dead.\u00a0 <em>Briefly, the early disciples&#8217; experiences plus the failure of naturalistic theories equals the resurrection appearances of Jesus.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Our first four arguments are drawn from Paul&#8217;s epistles.\u00a0 The remaining six are taken from other New Testament sources.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>For a number of reasons, when recent scholars discuss the resurrection appearances of Jesus, they begin with the apostle Paul.\u00a0 He had clearly been a powerful opponent of the early Christian message (Gal. 1:13-14; Phil. 3:4-7; 1 Cor. 15:9).\u00a0 Paul explains that he was converted from his high rank in Judaism.\u00a0 Clearly, the reason for his change was his belief that he had seen the risen Jesus (1 Cor. 9:1; 15:8; Gal. 1:16).\u00a0 As a scholar on both Judaism and Christianity, Jesus&#8217; appearance to Paul certainly qualified him as an exceptionally strong witness to the resurrected Jesus.<\/li>\n<li>Beyond his scholarly and eyewitness testimony, Paul contributes far more to a case for Jesus&#8217; resurrection appearances.\u00a0 Few conclusions in current study are more widely held by scholars than that, in 1 Corinthians 15:3, Paul recorded a very ancient tradition that actually predates his book, probably by a couple of decades.\u00a0 It could very well predate even Paul&#8217;s conversion to Christianity.\u00a0 After explaining that he received this from others, Paul succinctly reports the Gospel that was preached in early Christianity: Christ died for our sins and was buried.\u00a0 Afterwards, he was raised from the dead and appeared to many witnesses.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 16px\">Paul tells his readers that he was handing down this teaching that he had received from others (see I Cor. 15:3).\u00a0 His explicit statement here is important, due to the respect that scholars have for Paul&#8217;s testimony.\u00a0 Further, his claim has been vindicated because there are many textual indications that the words that follow were not composed by him.\u00a0 For example, this list of appearances exhibits a parallel structure, as if it were an ancient catechism whose purpose was to be passed on and learned.\u00a0 Moreover, to identify a few other characteristics, the Greek sentence structure, diction, and some of the words are not Paul&#8217;s, judging from his other epistles.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 16px\">Most scholars who address the subject think that Paul received this material about 35 A.D. just three years after his conversion, when he made his first trip to Jerusalem.\u00a0 Paul explains that he visited Peter and James, the brother of Jesus (see Gal. 1:18-19).\u00a0 In the immediate context both before and after, Paul is discussing the nature of the Gospel (see Gal. 1:11-2:10).\u00a0 Additionally, Paul&#8217;s choice of words in verse 18 shows that he was interviewing or questioning the two apostles in order to gain information.\u00a0 Here we have an exceptionally early tradition from almost immediately after Jesus, centering on the Gospel report, and clearly including Jesus&#8217; resurrection appearances.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">Paul was so careful to assure the truth of the gospel message that he returned to Jerusalem 14 years after this initial visit (see Gal. 2:1-10).\u00a0 Amazingly, his purpose was to be absolutely sure that what he preached was true (see Gal. 2:2)!\u00a0 For a second time, Paul conducted his ancient research.\u00a0 Besides Peter and James, another major apostle, John, was also present.\u00a0 Could Paul possibly have consulted three more prominent Christian leaders?\u00a0 Crucially, these four witnesses were the most influential in the early church.\u00a0 And with a single voice, they testified at this early date to the resurrection appearances of Jesus.\u00a0 The bottom line was that Paul&#8217;s Gospel teaching, which included the resurrection (see 1 Cor. 15:1-5), was approved by the other three apostles.\u00a0 They added nothing to his message (see I Cor. 2:6, 9).\u00a0 Paul&#8217;s two trips to Jerusalem provided the data and the confirmation that he desired.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">In 1 Corinthians 15:11, Paul added still another layer of personal testimony.\u00a0 We already learned that the other major apostolic leaders had approved Paul&#8217;s gospel message.\u00a0 Now Paul asserts that he also knew what the others were preaching.\u00a0 And as they had confirmed his message years before, Paul now testified that they also taught the same truth that he did regarding Jesus&#8217; resurrection appearances (1 Cor. 15:11).\u00a0 In fact, Paul had just recorded separate appearances to two of them: Peter (see I Cor. 15:5) and James (see I. Cor. 15:7).\u00a0 Together with John, all the apostles preached the same truth\u2014they were witnesses of the risen Jesus&#8217; appearances (see I. Cor. 15:12, 15).\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 16px\">Scholars uniformly regard Paul as the earliest and best witness to the resurrection appearances.\u00a0 Considerations such as these four provide some indications of the value of Paul&#8217;s testimony to Jesus&#8217; resurrection appearances.\u00a0 But Pau&#8217;s writings are far from the only evidence.\u00a0 There are at least six more confirmations that work together to form an even tighter lattice work.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">Besides 1 Corinthians 15:3, scholars usually agree that many other New Testament books also contain early traditions that predate the texts in which they appear.\u00a0 Many of the best examples are found in the Book of Acts, where succinct summaries of early preaching are embedded.<\/span><sup>3<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">\u00a0 The center of these early statements is the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">Virtually no one, friend or foe, believer or critic, denies that it was their convictions that they had seen the resurrected Jesus that caused the disciples&#8217; radical transformations.\u00a0 They were willing to die <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 16px\">specifically for their resurrection belief.<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">\u00a0 Down through the centuries many have been willing to give their lives for political or religious causes.\u00a0 But the crucial difference here is that while many have died for their <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 16px\">conviction<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">s, Jesus&#8217; disciples were in the right place on to know the truth or falsity of the event for which they were willing to die.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">It is almost always acknowledged that during Jesus&#8217; ministry, His brother James was a skeptic (see John 7:5).\u00a0 He was probably one of the family members in Mark 3:21-35 who thought that Jesus was insane!\u00a0 But how do we account for the surprising reports that James later led the Jerusalem church (Gal. 1:18-2:1-10; Acts 15:13-21)?\u00a0 According to the creedal comment in 1 Corinthians 15:7, Jesus appeared to James, yet another pointer to a resurrection appearance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">The tomb in which Jesus was buried was found empty shortly afterwards.\u00a0 The early apostolic preaching of the resurrection began in Jerusalem, where a closed or occupied tomb would have been disastrous!\u00a0 Moreover, the unanimous agreement that women were the earliest witnesses to the empty tomb is another strong consideration, since the widespread prejudice against female testimony indicates that the reports were not invented.\u00a0 Although the empty tomb does not prove the resurrection appearances, it does strengthen the disciples&#8217; claim to have seen the risen Jesus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">That Jesus&#8217; resurrection was the <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 16px\">very center<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 16px\"> of early Christian faith also indicates its reality, since, for this reason, it was repeatedly affirmed by believers and challenged by unbelievers.\u00a0 For example. Paul visited the Jerusalem apostles at least two or three times in order to make sure that his Gospel message was truthful.\u00a0 Indeed, there was no Christianity without this event (see 1 Cor. 15:14, 17).\u00a0 It was the church&#8217;s central proclamation (see Acts 4:33).\u00a0 Unbelievers attacked this centerpiece of faith, but could not disprove the rock on which it was founded: Jesus&#8217; appearances.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">Lastly, 2,000 years of attempts by nonbelievers to explain what happened to Jesus in natural terms have failed.\u00a0 The Jewish leaders in Jerusalem had the power, motive, and location to investigate thoroughly the proclamation of the resurrection appearances.\u00a0 They knew of Jesus&#8217; death and His burial.\u00a0 Though they were ideally situated to expose the error, they did not refute the evidence.\u00a0 Even many of today&#8217;s skeptical scholars are without an explanation of what occurred.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>For reasons like these 10, the vast majority of contemporary scholars conclude that Jesus&#8217; disciples and others thought that they had seen Jesus after His crucifixion.\u00a0 This is what the earliest believers claimed and this teaching is confirmed by an amazing variety of details from a number of perspectives.\u00a0 We might even say that the disciples were overpowered by these evidences themselves, which convinced them that they had seen the risen Jesus.\u00a0 Given that natural theses cannot explain these experiences, Jesus&#8217; resurrection appearances remain the best explanation of the historical facts.\u00a0 <em>The early disciples&#8217; experiences plus the failure of naturalistic theories equals the resurrection appearances of Jesus<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>End Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>For examples, see Romans 1:3-4; 10:9; Acts 2:22-36; 3:12-23.<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>See Gary R. Habermas and Michael R. Licona, <em>The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus<\/em> (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2004), especially pages 79-150; Gary R. Habermas, <em>The Risen Jesus and Future Hope<\/em> (Lanham, MD: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2003), especially Chapter 1.<\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>Commonly-cited examples include 1:21-22; 2:22-36; 3:13-16; 4:8-10; 5:29-32; 10:39-43; 13:28-31; 17:1-3; 17:30-31.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Gary R. Habermas When the New Testament defines and identifies the Gospel data, at least &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.namb.net\/apologetics\/resource\/the-resurrection-appearances-of-jesus\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">The Resurrection Appearances of Jesus<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2550,"template":"","meta":{"_oasis_is_in_workflow":0,"_oasis_original":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"tags":[],"channels":[],"topics":[9,14],"languages":[],"class_list":["post-1751","resource","type-resource","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","resource_type-article","topics-apologetics","topics-jesus"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.0 (Yoast SEO v24.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Resurrection Appearances of Jesus - Apologetics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.namb.net\/apologetics\/resource\/the-resurrection-appearances-of-jesus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Resurrection Appearances of Jesus\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Gary R. 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